Formal Charge (1) – Atomic Charge

Here, start by calculating the charge on an atom.

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- 1,4-addition of enolates to enones (“The Michael Reaction”)
- 1,4-addition of nucleophiles to enones
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- Dihydroxylation of Alkenes to give 1,2-diols (vicinal diols)
- Dihydroxylation of alkenes with cold, dilute KMnO4 to give vicinal diols
- Elimination (E1) of alkyl halides to form alkenes
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- Elimination (E1) with hydride shift
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- Elimination of alcohols to give alkenes using POCl3
- Elimination of water from alcohols to form alkenes using acid
- Formation of Acetals from Aldehydes and Ketones
- Formation of alkynes through double elimination of vicinal dibromides
- Formation of amides from acid chlorides and amines
- Formation of Amides Using DCC
- Formation of anhydrides from acid halides and carboxylates
- Formation of Bromohydrins from alkenes using water and Br2
- Formation of bromohydrins from alkenes using water and NBS
- Formation of Carboxylic Acids from Acyl Chlorides
- Formation of carboxylic acids from Grignard reagents and CO2
- Formation of chlorohydrins from alkenes using water and Cl2
- Formation of Cyanohydrins from ketones and aldehydes
- Formation of cyclopropanes from alkenes using methylene carbene (:CH2)
- Formation of Diazonium Salts from Aromatic Amines
- Formation of enamines from ketones/aldehydes and secondary amines
- Formation of epoxides from alkenes using m-CPBA
- Formation of epoxides from bromohydrins
- Formation of Gilman reagents (organocuprates) from alkyl halides
- Formation of Grignard Reagents from Alkenyl Halides
- Formation of Grignard Reagents from Alkyl Halides
- Formation of hydrates from aldehydes/ketones and H2O
- Formation of imines from primary amines and ketones
- Formation of organolithium reagents from alkyl halides
- Formation of thioacetals from aldehydes and ketones
- Formation of tosylates from alcohols
- Free Radical Bromination of Alkanes
- Free Radical Chlorination of Alkanes
- Friedel Crafts alkylation of arenes
- Friedel-Crafts acylation of aromatic groups to give ketones
- Hell-Vollhard-Zelinsky Reaction
- Hofmann elimination of alkylammonium salts to give alkenes
- Hofmann Rearrangement of Amides to Amines
- Hydroboration of Alkenes
- Hydroboration of alkynes using BH3 to give aldehydes
- Hydrogenation of Alkenes to give Alkanes
- Hydrogenation of Alkynes to Alkanes using Pd/C
- Hydrolysis of acetals to give aldehydes and ketones
- Hydrolysis of esters to carboxylic acids with aqueous acid
- Hydrolysis of imines to give ketones (or aldehydes)
- Hydrolysis of nitriles with aqueous acid to give carboxylic acids
- Iodination of alkenes to give vicinal diiodides (1,2-diiodides)
- Iodination of Aromatics with I2
- Keto-enol tautomerism
- Nitration of aromatic groups
- Opening of epoxides with acid and water to give trans diols
- Opening of epoxides with nucleophiles under acidic conditions
- Oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids using Cr(VI)
- Oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids with Ag2O
- Oxidation of aromatic alkanes with KMnO4 to give carboxylic acids
- Oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes
- Oxidation of Primary Alcohols to Aldehydes using PCC
- Oxidation of primary alcohols to carboxylic acids
- Oxidation of secondary alcohols to ketones using PCC
- Oxidation of thiols to disulfides
- Oxidative cleavage of 1,2-diols to give aldehydes/ketones
- Oxidative cleavage of alkenes to give ketones/carboxylic acids using ozone (O3) – (“oxidative workup”)
- Oxidative cleavage of alkenes to ketones/carboxylic acids using KMnO4
- Oxidative Cleavage of Alkynes with KMnO4
- Oxidative Cleavage of Alkynes with Ozone (O3)
- Oxymercuration of Alkenes to form Ethers using Hg(OAc)2
- Oxymercuration of Alkynes
- Oxymercuration: Alcohols from alkenes using Hg(OAc)2 and Water
- Ozonolysis of alkenes to ketones and aldehydes (reductive workup)
- Partial reduction of alkynes to trans alkenes using sodium and ammonia
- Partial reduction of alkynes with Lindlar’s catalyst to give cis alkenes
- Pinacol Rearrangement
- Polymerization of dienes with acid
- Protection of alcohols as silyl ethers
- Protonation of alcohols to give oxonium ions
- Protonation of Grignard reagents to give alkanes
- Reaction of alkyl halides with water to form alcohols (SN1)
- Reaction of epoxides with nucleophiles under basic conditions
- Reactions of Diazonium Salts
- Reduction of aromatic ketones to alkanes with Pd/C and hydrogen
- Reduction of aromatic nitro groups to amino groups
- Reduction of carboxylic acids to primary alcohols using LiAlH4
- Reduction of esters to aldehydes using DIBAL
- Reduction of esters to primary alcohols using LiAlH4
- Reduction of nitriles to primary amines with LiAlH4
- Reductive Amination
- SN2 of Cyanide with Alkyl Halides to give Nitriles
- SN2 reaction between azide ion and alkyl halides to give alkyl azides
- SN2 Reaction of Acetylide Ions with Alkyl Halides
- SN2 reaction of alkoxide ions with alkyl halides to give ethers (Williamson synthesis)
- SN2 reaction of alkyl halides with hydroxide ions to give alcohols
- SN2 reaction of amines with alkyl chlorides to give ammonium salts
- SN2 reaction of carboxylate ions with alkyl halides to give esters
- SN2 reaction of hydrosulfide ion with alkyl halides to give thiols
- SN2 reaction of organocuprates (Gilman reagents) with alkyl halides to give alkanes
- SN2 reaction of thiolates with alkyl halides to give thioethers (sulfides)
- SN2 reaction of water with alkyl halides to give alcohols
- Substitution (SN1) with hydride shift
- Substitution with accompanying alkyl shift
- Sulfonylation of Arenes to give sulfonic acids
- The Gabriel synthesis of amines
- The haloform reaction: conversion of methyl ketones to carboxylic acids
- The Malonic Ester Synthesis
- The Robinson Annulation
- Transesterification promoted by alkoxides
- Wittig Reaction – conversion of ketones/aldehydes to alkenes
- Wolff Kishner Reaction – conversion of ketones/aldehydes to alkanes
- Wolff Rearrangement
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- Formal Charge (1) – Atomic Charge
- Formal Charge (2) – Introduction to Formal Charge
- Formal Charge Exercise: Allyl Carbocation
- Formal Charge Exercise: CH2N2
- Formal Charge Exercise: CH3NO2
- Formal Charge Exercise: CN
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- Formal Charge Exercise: Hidden Hydrogens
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- Hidden Hydrogens
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- Resonance – Common Mistakes (1)
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- SN1: Applying the SN1 Reaction
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- Understanding R/S Relationships
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- What’s A Nucleophile?
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