Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Introduction
The Six Key Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions In electrophilic aromatic substitution a C-H bond is broken and a new C-E bond (E being an electrophilic
Read moreelectrophilic aromatic substitution
Activating and Deactivating Groups In Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
Activating and Deactivating Groups in Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution The rate of electrophilic aromatic substitution (EAS) reactions is greatly affected by the groups attached to the
Read moreElectrophilic Aromatic Substitution – The Mechanism
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: The Mechanism Electrophilic aromatic substitution (EAS) reactions proceed through a two-step mechanism. In the first step, the aromatic ring, acting as a
Read moreOrtho-, Para- and Meta- Directors in Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
Two Important Reaction Patterns: Ortho- , Para- Directors and Meta- Directors It’s one thing to learn about electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions of benzene itself. But
Read moreUnderstanding Ortho, Para, and Meta Directors
Ortho-, Para– and Meta– Directors In Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution (EAS), some substituents on benzene will direct the electrophile E to the ortho– (1,2)and para– (1,4) positions. These
Read moreWhy are halogens ortho- para- directors?
Why are halogens ortho-, para- directors? All activating groups are also ortho-, para- directors. Halogens (F, Cl, Br, I) are notable in that they are deactivating ortho-, para- directors.
Read moreDisubstituted Benzenes: The Strongest Electron-Donor “Wins”
Having gone through the mechanism of electrophilic aromatic substitution, explored activating and deactivating substituents, and seen the importance of directing groups, let’s now take the opportunity to
Read moreElectrophilic Aromatic Substitutions (2) – Nitration and Sulfonation
Aromatic rings undergo nitration and sulfonation through the electrophilic aromatic substitution mechanism. Aromatic rings can undergo nitration when treated with nitric acid HNO3 in addition to
Read moreSynthesis of Benzene Derivatives (2) – Polarity Reversal
Synthesis of Benzene Derivatives: Converting ortho-,para- directors into meta- directors and vice versa. In planning the synthesis of simple benzene derivatives and other aromatic compounds,
Read moreIntroduction To Aromaticity
What Is “Aromaticity”, Anyway? In this post we introduce “aromaticity”, a term for describing a collection of three [Note 1] main properties that distinguish benzene
Read more