Keto-Enol Tautomerism
An extensive introduction to keto-enol tautomerism in aldehydes and ketones, with mechanisms, quizzes, key concepts, references and more.
Read morealdehydes
What’s The Alpha Carbon In Carbonyl Compounds?
Alpha Carbon? Beta Carbon? Alpha, Beta Unsaturated Carbonyl? Making it through the chemistry of carbonyl derivatives (ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, esters, and more) there are
Read moreEnolates – Formation, Stability, and Simple Reactions
All about enolates Enolates can be formed through removing the proton on carbons adjacent to a carbonyl (i.e. the “alpha-carbon“). The resulting anions are much
Read moreNucleophilic Addition To Carbonyls
Nucleophilic Addition To Carbonyls The most important reaction of the carbonyl group (C=O) is the addition of nucleophiles to the carbonyl carbon, sometimes called, “1,2-addition”.
Read moreReducing Sugars
Reducing Sugars Reducing sugars are small carbohydrates (usually containing one or two sugar units) that are capable of acting as reducing agents towards metal salts
Read moreAldehydes and Ketones: 14 Reactions With The Same Mechanism
The Simple Two-Step Pattern For Seven Key Reactions Of Aldehydes And Ketones “There are just so many reactions! I can’t remember all the mechanisms!!” – distressed
Read moreReagent Friday: Sodium Periodate
Sodium Periodate, NaIO4 As A Reagent In Organic Chemistry In a blatant plug for the Reagent Guide and the Reagents App for iPhone, each Friday I profile a different
Read moreHydrates, Hemiacetals, and Acetals
Hydrates, Hemiacetals, and Acetals – Their Formation From Aldehydes/Ketones, And Mechanisms That Are As Easy As P-A-D-P-E-A-D Hydrates, hemiacetals and acetals are the products of
Read moreOxidation Ladders
Once you get a handle on oxidations and reductions, you might start to notice that with some molecules these reactions can proceed in sequences. For
Read moreImines – Properties, Formation, Reactions, and Mechanisms
Imines – Their Properties, Formation, Reactions, and Mechanisms Imines are the nitrogen analogues of aldehydes and ketones, containing a C=N bond instead of a C=O
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