Types of Isomers: Constitutional Isomers, Stereoisomers, Enantiomers, And Diastereomers How do we tell if molecules are “related”? And once we know that they are, how
Read moreThe D- And L- Notation For The Absolute Configuration Of Sugars And Amino Acids The terms D- and L- are often found in front of
Read moreTransesterification of Esters Conversion of one ester into another ester via exchange of -OR groups is called transesterification Transesterification can be performed under basic or
Read moreAlpha Carbon? Beta Carbon? Alpha, Beta Unsaturated Carbonyl? Making it through the chemistry of carbonyl derivatives (ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, esters, and more) there are
Read moreAll about enolates Enolates can be formed through removing the proton on carbons adjacent to a carbonyl (i.e. the “alpha-carbon“). The resulting anions are much
Read moreKinetic versus Thermodynamic Enolates of Ketones Enolates have a lot in common with alkenes. They are flat and have a C-C pi bond. Zaitsev’s rule
Read moreAldol Addition and Condensation Reactions (Base-Catalyzed) The Aldol Addition reaction is the addition of an enolate to an aldehyde (or ketone). Heating with base can result
Read moreReactions of Enols – Aldol Condensation, Halogenation, Mannich Reaction In a previous post on keto-enol tautomerism, we described the keto and enol forms. In this
Read moreDegrees of Unsaturation (Index Of Hydrogen Deficiency) The molecular formula of a compound can give clues about its structure. The formula for an alkane follows
Read moreConjugation And Color Why are tomatoes red? Why are carrots orange? Why are egg yolks yellow? And… why is Vulcan blood green? OK, I’m not going
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