The Michael Addition Reaction and Conjugate Addition
The Michael Addition Reaction (and Conjugate Addition) The Michael reaction (sometimes “Michael Addition”) is the addition of an enolate to an electrophilic alkene, such as
Read moreBasicity of Amines And pKaH
Quantifying The Basicity Of Amines, Using “The pKa Of The Conjugate Acid”, a.k.a. “pKaH” How do you measure the basicity of an amine? Case in point:
Read moreActivating and Deactivating Groups In Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
Activating and Deactivating Groups in Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution The rate of electrophilic aromatic substitution (EAS) reactions is greatly affected by the groups attached to the
Read moreElectrophilic Aromatic Substitution – The Mechanism
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: The Mechanism Electrophilic aromatic substitution (EAS) reactions proceed through a two-step mechanism. In the first step, the aromatic ring, acting as a
Read more5 Key Basicity Trends of Amines
5 Key Amine Basicity Trends What are the most important factors that affect the basicity of amines? Here are 5 key trends. Basicity increases with
Read moreBonding And Antibonding Pi Orbitals
Bonding And Antibonding Orbitals For A Simple Pi Bond Two adjacent p-orbitals each containing an electron can overlap to form a pi-bond In a pi
Read morePyranoses and Furanoses: Ring-Chain Tautomerism In Sugars
Pyranoses , Furanoses, Straight-Chain Glucose, And Ring-Chain Tautomerism Sugars such as glucose exist in equilibrium between their open-chain form and various cyclic forms where an
Read moreOrtho-, Para- and Meta- Directors in Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
Two Important Reaction Patterns: Ortho- , Para- Directors and Meta- Directors It’s one thing to learn about electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions of benzene itself. But
Read moreUnderstanding Ortho, Para, and Meta Directors
Ortho-, Para– and Meta– Directors In Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution (EAS), some substituents on benzene will direct the electrophile E to the ortho– (1,2)and para– (1,4) positions. These
Read moreWhy are halogens ortho- para- directors?
Why are halogens ortho-, para- directors? All activating groups are also ortho-, para- directors. Halogens (F, Cl, Br, I) are notable in that they are deactivating ortho-, para- directors.
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