Bonding And Antibonding Pi Orbitals
Bonding And Antibonding Orbitals For A Simple Pi Bond Two adjacent p-orbitals each containing an electron can overlap to form a pi-bond In a pi
Read morePyranoses and Furanoses: Ring-Chain Tautomerism In Sugars
Pyranoses , Furanoses, Straight-Chain Glucose, And Ring-Chain Tautomerism Sugars such as glucose exist in equilibrium between their open-chain form and various cyclic forms where an
Read moreOrtho-, Para- and Meta- Directors in Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
Two Important Reaction Patterns: Ortho- , Para- Directors and Meta- Directors It’s one thing to learn about electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions of benzene itself. But
Read moreUnderstanding Ortho, Para, and Meta Directors
Ortho-, Para– and Meta– Directors In Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution (EAS), some substituents on benzene will direct the electrophile E to the ortho– (1,2)and para– (1,4) positions. These
Read moreWhy are halogens ortho- para- directors?
Why are halogens ortho-, para- directors? All activating groups are also ortho-, para- directors. Halogens (F, Cl, Br, I) are notable in that they are deactivating ortho-, para- directors.
Read moreMolecular Orbitals of The Allyl Cation, Allyl Radical, and Allyl Anion
How To Draw The Molecular Orbitals of The Allyl Cation, Allyl Radical And Allyl Anion Drawing the molecular orbitals of a pi system like allyl
Read moreThe Mesomeric Effect And Aromatic Amines
A Puzzle In The Basicity Of Some Disubstituted Aromatic Amines We’ve seen that several key factors influence the basicity of amines – charge, resonance, inductive
Read moreDisubstituted Benzenes: The Strongest Electron-Donor “Wins”
Having gone through the mechanism of electrophilic aromatic substitution, explored activating and deactivating substituents, and seen the importance of directing groups, let’s now take the opportunity to
Read moreIntroduction to Assigning (R) and (S): The Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Rules
Assigning R and S Configurations With the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog (CIP) Rules Enantiomers are stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other (by the way, molecules that are
Read morePi Molecular Orbitals of Butadiene
The Molecular Orbital Diagram of Butadiene, And How To Build It Butadiene is a conjugated diene consisting of two adjacent pi-bonds and comprised of 4 p-orbitals and
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