Organic Chemistry Tips and Tricks

By James Ashenhurst

Organic Chemistry Study Tips: Learn the Trends

Last updated: January 23rd, 2024 |

This is the first in a series of occasional articles about useful strategies and tactics for studying organic chemistry. 

Here is a general template for a short exam question in organic chemistry:

As you change [increase/decrease] variable X, you change [increase/decrease] variable Y. Why?

This sounds a little abstract, so let’s make it more specific.

 Example #1: As you increase the chain length of a hydrocarbon, you increase the boiling point. Why? Because the increased surface area allows for greater Van Der Waals attraction between molecules. 

 Example #2: As you increase the number of alkyl groups attached to a carbocation, you increase its stability. Why? Because alkyl groups are electron-releasing, and they stabilize the positive charge. [Technically, hyperconjugation provides a much more satisfying answer, but we’ll stick with simple explanations for now].

Professors in organic chemistry prize the ability to understand the relationships between properties much more than the ability to remember rote facts, and they design their tests accordingly. This is one of the key differences between studying for orgo and studying for physiology or biology. For example, it’s not so important that you know that the pKa of water is 15.7 (versus, say 13 or 17) but it is extremely important that you know that it is less acidic than acetic acid and more acidic than acetylene.

You will see that it has all kinds of schemes like this:

1-electrophilicity

I put a lot of these types of things in, because if there’s one thing that 10 years of organic  chemistry has nailed into my head, it’s an appreciation for the importance of learning the trends. 

Now. Here’s 10 more or less random examples I pulled off the top of my head:

2-table

These are further examples of concepts, or relationships between properties. If you look at practice exam problems, you will see questions that depend on these types of relationships again and again.

You should find as many examples of these types of relationships as you can. Collect them like fine wines, and appreciate them – they are the distilled essences of organic chemistry, and from these simple concepts flow all the beautiful complexity of the discipline.  Two  reasons why this is important:  1) They are perfect exam fodder, especially for multiple choice exams  2) Knowing these relationships will help you in solving problems you have never seen before.

Remember: Every problem you will encounter was designed with a purpose in mind, and one of the main purposes of problems is to test your understanding of these concepts. Learn them.

A final note: make your knowledge less fragile. How? Here’s one way. Switch every instance of “increase” in the above table for “decrease”, and vice versa.  Example: Decreasing substitution at a carbocation decreases the stability of the carbocation. Try to look at these relationships from as many angles as you can. Push the envelope of the variables. Do thought experiments.

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14 thoughts on “Organic Chemistry Study Tips: Learn the Trends

  1. Hi!
    Just wanted to thank you for all your wonderful help on organic chemistry! I’d be so lost without your site. Your cheat sheets are so detailed and helpful! I love the formatting; it’s all so clear and easy to understand. Thanks again and hope you have a great day!

  2. Can u tell me about the stability of carbonium ions a little more.
    I.e cyclo propyl group attached car cat ion is more stable than any thing else . why is it so… and little info about some carbonium ions having benzyl group and some more groups attached to it , such as NH2 …

  3. Doesn’t increasing the S-character of a bond decrease acidity of the bond? I.e C-H bond is less acidic than C(triple bond)H?? This little summary sheet says opposite?

    1. Alkynes are sp hybridized (50% s character) and are more acidic C-H bonds. Alkanes are sp3 hybridized (25% S character) and are less acidic.

  4. Can I just say THANK GOD for you!?!?!?
    wow I feel like by reading your blogs and summary sheets I’m getting a much better understanding of these concepts. It’s nice to have it broken down like that. Thank you sooo much! You really saved me.
    :)
    Kimia

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