Functional groups are specific groupings of atoms within molecules that have their own characteristic properties, regardless of the other atoms present in a molecule. Common examples are alcohols, amines, carboxylic acids, ketones, and ethers.
In a typical sophomore organic chemistry course, there’s about 14 functional groups that are key, with another group of 8 that make appearances from time to time. [You’ll meet others, too – this is just a selection of the most common]
Here are the most common functional groups encountered in introductory organic chemistry courses:
Things to think about as you look at the list:
- in each, what are the most and least electronegative atoms present?
- which of the atoms will be electron-poor ( “delta-positive”) and which electron-rich (“delta negative?”)
- Which functional groups will be capable of hydrogen bonding?
- Which functional groups will be capable of dipole-dipole interactions?
The more polar the molecule, the stronger the intermolecular interactions and the higher the boiling point. Which of these functional groups will tend to lead to the greatest increase in boiling points?
The more polar the molecule, the higher the water solubility. Which of these groups will tend to increase water solubility? Decrease water solubility?
The Supporting Cast
Then there’s a group of about 8 functional groups that you’ll see a little but less often but they still have their place:
If you find that you’re having a hard time recalling the structures of the functional groups, I put together a quiz [flashcards on memorize.com] that might be useful.
thanks for posting this
good, not bad.
sir the article was really nice and informative but I did not get what I wanted…
my ques is
I hve a substituted benzene with OCH3, NO2 and Br attached at 1, 3, 5 position
so how will I name it?
will it be bromobenzene or nitrobenzene…
and in what order will I number the carbons acc to IUPAC?
PLEASE PLEASE REPLY ASAP..
I will be highly grateful.
Are you sure about the positions of Br and NO2 in this compound you have described. As it is a ether group, the functional group will be at the 5 position.
Its name is 3-Nitro 5-Bromo benzyl methyl ether
benzyl merhyl ether isn’t IUPAC compliant. 3 nitro 5 bromo methoxybenzene
Functional groups are named in alpha order if equivalent positions (3 or 5).
Therefore 3-bromo, 5-nitro methoxybenzene or, since anisole IS recognized, 3-bromo, 5-nitro anisole.
The name will be 3-nitro 5-bromo methoxy benzene
This entire website is an amazing resource for MCAT studying. I’m surprised you don’t have a book deal yet. thank you thank you thank you!
Hello,
I would like to use the diagram from the following page in a coursepack for a course to be held at Fleming College in Ontario, Canada this fall:
https://www.masterorganicchemistry.com/2010/10/06/functional-groups-organic-chemistry/
Can you tell me whether I have permission to do this, or how I can obtain permission?
Many thanks,
Sara Cameron
Canadian Scholars’ Press Inc. (CSPI)
Hi, I’m a bit stuck. I need to find out the boiling points of pentanoic acid and 2-hexanone which I’ve already done, and compared both to find that pentanoic acid has the higher boiling point. I then need to give some sort of example and then justify this but i am not sure how to do so, could you please help?
Thankyou :)
hi Tanya! pentanoic acid has intermolecular H bridges, and hexanone, hasn´t. this fact accounts for the higher boiling point. greetings from argentina
I would move thiols to the second list, and move epoxides, imines, and acid chlorides to the first list. The latter two become incredibly relevant when discussing carbonyl addition/elimination reactions and enamine chemistry.
Hello, I would like to know what ester would be best to make my science teacher (Paul) fall in love with me, I was thinking something fruity, Many thanks XOXOXOXOXO