Dienes and MO Theory
s-cis and s-trans
Last updated: February 7th, 2023 |
“s-cis and s-trans conformations of dienes.” What does those terms mean?
- The “s–cis” is a conformation where both double bonds are on the same side of a sigma bond.
- Recall that there is free rotation about sigma bonds, so we say, “s-cis” and “s-trans” to distinguish it from “cis” and “trans” configurations which are locked.
- As we’ll soon see, in the Diels-Alder reaction, it’s important that the diene be in the “s–cis” conformation, otherwise the two reacting ends are too far apart.
Table of Contents
- Recall That Cis- And Trans– Isomers (“Geometric Isomers” Cannot Interconvert Without Breaking Bonds
- s-cis and s-trans Conformations In Butadiene
- The s-trans Conformation Is Lower In Energy
- Some Dienes Are “Locked” In The s-cis or s-trans Orientation
- Conformations In Amides: (Z) and (E)
- Notes
- (Advanced) References and Further Reading
1. Recall That Cis- And Trans– Isomers (“Geometric Isomers” Cannot Interconvert Without Breaking Bonds
Recall cis and trans. The reason Aldrich Chemical Co. can sell 99% cis-2-butene and 99% trans-2-butene in separate bottles is because of restricted rotation about the C-C pi bond. Rotation is energetically disfavored since it would destroy the overlap of the adjacent p-orbitals.
We use the terms “cis” and “trans” to distinguish the different configurations of hydrogens across the C-C pi bond.
In contrast to pi bonds, rotation about single (sigma) bonds happens all the time – thousands of times per second, in fact.
You might recall that we refer to the different shapes of a molecule that arise through these rotations, “conformations“.
For reasons that will soon become clear, it’s sometimes helpful to borrow the “cis” and “trans” terminology for naming particularly important conformations.
2. s-cis and s-trans Conformations In Butadiene
A particularly important case comes up with dienes. In butadiene, the two individual pi bonds may be either on the opposite side of the single bond or on the same side of the single bond. It would be incorrect to refer to these as strictly trans and cis since these are conformations (dynamic!), not configurations (static). But we can get the best of both worlds if we cheat a bit and use the prefix “s” (for “sigma” , or “single” if you prefer).
Voila: s-cis and s-trans conformations!
A video says a thousand words. Pay attention to the two blue hydrogens of the diene below (butadiene) and their orientation about the central C-C single (“sigma”) bond. In one conformation, they’re oriented “trans” across the C-C single bond, and in the other conformation, they’re oriented “cis” across the C-C single bond.
That’s really all there is to it.
3. The s-trans Conformation Is Of Lower Energy
But while we’re on the topic of s-cis and s-trans for dienes, let’s look at a few more details.
Which conformation is lower energy?
Note that in the s-cis conformation, the “inside” hydrogens on C-1 and C-4 are in close proximity to each other. This leads to some Van Der Waals repulsion, and the result is that the s-cis conformation is about 2.3 kcal/mol less stable. At any one time, about 96% of butadiene is in the s-trans conformation.
4. Some Dienes Are “Locked” In The s-cis or s-trans Orientation
There are situations where dienes are locked in a particular orientation. For example, in 1,3-cyclohexadiene and cyclopentadiene, the two pi bonds are locked in a s-cis orientation, while the diene bottom right is locked in the s-trans orientation.
This will become more relevant in the next post, when we introduce the Diels Alder reaction.
5. Conformations In Amides: (Z) and (E)
One final note. It’s also useful to borrow the terms for amides, which have free (if somewhat restricted) rotation about the C-N bond.
Here, we can refer to s-E or s-Z conformations of the amide (see below).
Notes
(Advanced) References and Further Reading
- Thermodynamic Properties of Gaseous 1,3‐Butadiene and the Normal Butenes above 25°C Equilibria in the System 1,3‐Butadiene, n‐Butenes, and n‐Butane
J. G. Aston, G. Szasz, H. W. Woolley, F. G. Brickwedde.
J. Chem. Phys. 14, 67 (1946)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1724108
One of the earliest studies of rotational barriers in butadiene indicate that the s-trans is favored over the s-cis by about 2.3 kcal/mol. - Conformational studies on small molecules
E. B. Wilson
Chem. Soc. Rev. 1972, 1, 293-318
DOI: 10.1039/CS9720100293
This review mentions that dienes such as butadiene can exist in s-cis and s-trans forms. E. B. Wilson was a prominent spectroscopist in the 20th century, and even though he never received a Nobel Prize, his son (K. G. Wilson) and PhD student (Dudley Herschbach) both did. - Diene Structure and Diels-Alder Reactivity
Clare A. Stewart
The Journal of Organic Chemistry 1963, 28 (12), 3320-3323
DOI: 10.1021/jo01047a010
This studies the Diels-Alder reactivity of various dienes. Most important here is that cis-1-methylbutadiene is relatively unreactive in the Diels-Alder, since in the s-cis conformation the methyl group “bumps” into the C-H bond of the terminal alkene. - Conformational analysis. 120. Small polyenes
Julia C. Tai and Norman L. Allinger
Journal of the American Chemical Society 1976, 98 (25), 7928-7932
DOI: 10.1021/ja00441a007
It is possible to investigate the structure of molecules in detail through computational methods, and Table 1 in this paper contains the energy differences between the s-cis and s-trans forms of various dienes. - Rotational barriers and stable rotamers in 1,3-butadiene, acrolein and glyoxal
George R. De Maré
Mol. Struc. THEOCHEM 1984, 107, 127-132
DOI: 10.1016/0166-1280(84)80047-0
Another paper studying the rotational barriers of butadiene through computational methods. While these calculations may have required supercomputers back then, nowadays a modern laptop will be able to carry these out in minutes (or less)! - Planar s-cis-1,3-butadiene
E. Squillacote, R. S. Sheridan, O. L. Chapman, and F. A. L. Anet
Journal of the American Chemical Society 1979, 101 (13), 3657-3659
DOI: 10.1021/ja00507a042
This paper reports the characterization (FT-IR) of s-cis butadiene through an unusual method – cooling the hot (400 – 900 °C) vapors on a very cold (30 K) surface. By measuring the rate of disappearance of a specific band attributed to s-cis butadiene (1430 cm-1), the authors were able to determine the activation enthalpy for converting s-cis to s-trans butadiene to be 3.9 kcal/mol. - Thermodynamics of conformational change in 1,3-butadiene studied by high-temperature ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy
Philip W. Mui and Ernest Grunwald
Journal of the American Chemical Society 1982, 104 (24), 6562-6566
DOI: 10.1021/ja00388a014
In this paper, the authors do a more rigorous experimental study of the energy difference between the s-cis and s-trans forms of butadiene and determine it to be 2.9 kcal/mol. Prof. Grunwald did his undergraduate studies and PhD at UCLA under Prof. Saul Winstein, and contributed to the development of the ‘Grunwald-Winstein equation’ in solvolysis. - Le 2,3‐Ditertiobutylbutadiène
J. Backer
Rec. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas 1939, 58 (7), 643-661
DOI: 10.1002/recl.19390580712
Diels-Alder reactions of 2,3-di-t-butyl-1,3-butadiene have not been observed – the s-cis form is far too disfavored, since it brings together two t-butyl groups in close proximity!
Thanku thats amazingly explained
Such a beautiful explanation!
I can easily understand the real concepts in organic chemistry..
Thanks for sharing your knowledge!! sir..
Thanks just one question if we want to compare the effect of repulsion between s-cis and s-trans what we going the say as a result??? I need your answer
What conformation do you think has greater repulsion, s-cis or s-trans?
No worries!
I was re-reading the entire page just a bit after my question and I have noticed that (as always and as a good student) we’re not able to read correctly, this is already written above haha.
Thank you a lot. :)
Why the letter “s-” is used for those pseudo configuration? Thanks for the explanation tho!
“s” stands for “sigma”.
thanks so much^^
Glad you found it helpful Huihui!
The first time i saw the concept of hyperconjugation was incredible and then i start looking for it at almost all conformation analysis. In your explation there is written that the hydrogens suffer steric repulsion. At my view, it may be right, but it can be also explained as, in the s-trans conformation a donation of C-H σ bond to a C-H σ*? I draw this in my note and it looks like right. Thanks!
Sounds like a stretch to me. If hyperconjugation effects were significant in s-trans then the place to look for it would be by adding an electron withdrawing group with a low-lying sigma star orbital (like C-F) and measuring conformational populations…
I agree with you in general though, hyperconjugation is an incredibly powerful way to look at conformations!
Thank you for your help. I like your way of explaining
OK. Thanks Amit
Thank You
Excelent theme of organic chemistry. Special contribution for students and preparation of yours exams