Alcohols, Epoxides and Ethers

By James Ashenhurst

SOCl2 Mechanism For Alcohols To Alkyl Halides: SN2 versus SNi

Last updated: November 12th, 2022 |

SOCl2 Mechanism With Alcohols, With And Without Pyridine: Nucleophilic Substitution (SN2) Versus Nucleophilic Substitution With Internal Return (SNi)

  • Most of the time, the reaction of alcohols with thionyl chloride is taught as an SN2 reaction. And indeed, on primary alcohols this is definitely the case.
  • The problem arises with secondary alcohols, where the reaction can be taught either as a classical SN2 with inversion, or… as a reaction with retention!? via the SNi mechanism. That latter part is what this post is about.

Table of Contents

  1. “I’m Sorry But Who Taught You That Mechanism” ?
  2. What Really Happens In The Reaction Of SOCl2 With Secondary Alcohols: The SNi Mechanism
  3. Nucleophilic Substitution With Internal Return: SNi
  4. Adding SOCl2 AND Pyridine Leads To Inversion (via SN2)
  5. Pyridine Shuts Down The SNi Mechanism
  6. Summary: SOCl2 And Alcohols – SN2 versus SNi
  7. Notes: How Do Schools In North America Deal With This Dichotomy?
  8. (Advanced) References and Further Reading

1. Conversion Of Alcohols To Chlorides With SOCl2 Proceeds With Inversion…Right? Well, Maybe Not Always

Some time ago I published this post about SOCl2 discussing the mechanism of SOCl2 converting secondary alcohols to alkyl chlorides with secondary  through an SN2 pathway:
conversion of alcohols to alkyl chlorides with inversion using socl2 no pyridine so is this right or not
About six months ago this post arrived in the comments:

moc blog comment in 2013 saying secondary alcohols are not converted to alkyl chlorides with inversion but retention due to sni internal return

Rico is correct that the mechanism showing inversion with SOCl2 is not what happens experimentally. When a secondary alcohol is treated with SOCl2 (and nothing else) the usual pathway is retention

The record should be set straight about this, so this post will cover:

  1. What really happens in the reaction of SOCl2 with secondary alcohols (the SNi mechanism) and why it gives retention
  2. Why adding pyridine to SOCl2 results in inversion (via SN2) and not retention
  3. How do most textbooks and schools across North America deal with this mechanistic dichotomy (hint: most don’t)
  4. What’s an instructor to do?

2. What Really Happens In The Reaction of SOCl2 With Secondary Alcohols: The SNi Mechanism

In the late 19th century, Paul Walden performed a series of fundamental experiments on the stereochemistry of various reactions of sugars (and sugar derivatives). Walden noted that when (+)-malic acid  treated with PCl5, the product was (–) chlorosuccinic acid – a process that proceeded with inversion of stereochemistry. When (+) malic acid was treated with thionyl chloride (SOCl2), however the product was (+)-chlorosuccinic acid. This proceeds with retention of stereochemistry. 

walden observation treatment of malic acid with socl2 to give chlorosuccinic acid with retention versus pcl4 gives inversion why is this sn2

How can we understand this?
The reaction of malic acid with PCl5 leading to inversion of stereochemistry is an example of what we now call the SN2 reaction, and Walden was the first to make the observation that the stereochemistry is inverted. In fact the process of stereochemical inversion observed during the SN2 reaction is sometimes called Walden inversion in his honor. By the time most students encounter SOCl2 in their courses, the SN2 is a familiar reaction.

What is much more curious is the  observation that malic acid treated with SOCl2 leads to substitution with retention.  Sharp readers may recall that “retention” of stereochemistry can be obtained if two successive SN2 reactions occur [double inversion = retention]. Perhaps that is what is going on here? Maybe the carboxylic acid of malice acid can act as a nucleophile in a first (intramolecular) SN2, and then Cl- coming in for the second?

3. Nucleophilic Substitution With Internal Return: SNi

Good idea – but this retention of configuration occurs even in cases where no group can possibly do an intramolecular SN2. There must be something else going on. And after a lot of experimental work, this is the best proposal we have:

why does socl2 give retention showing full mechanism of sni or substitution with internal return via chlorosulfite intimate ion pair no pyridine

This is called, SNi (nucleophilic substitution with internal return): what happens here is that SOCl2 corrdinates to the alcohol, with loss of HCl and formation of a good leaving group (“chlorosulfite”). The chlorosulfite leaving group can spontaneously depart, forming a carbocation, and when it does so,  an “intimate ion pair” is formed, where the carbocation and negatively charged leaving group are held tightly together in space. From here, the chlorine can act as a nucleophile – attacking the carbocation on the same face from which it was expelled – and after expulsion of SO2, we have formation of an alkyl chloride with retention of configuration.

So the chlorosulfite leaving group (SO2Cl) is quite special in that it can deliver a nucleophile (chlorine) to the same face it departs from, with simultaneous loss of SO2.

If it ended there, life might be simpler. But less interesting! [That is the sound of a can of worms being opened].

4.Why Adding SOCl2 AND Pyridine Leads To Inversion via The SN2 Mechanism

Here’s the twist.  As it turns out, the stereochemistry of this reaction can change to inversion if we add a mild base – such as pyridine.

use of chiral secondary alcohol with socl2 and pyridine gives inversion of configuration why is this

Retention of stereochemistry with SOCl2 alone, inversion with SOCl2 and pyridine. What’s happening here? How does pyridine affect the course of this reaction? 

Both reactions form the “chlorosulfite” intermediate. But when pyridine (a decent nucleophile) is present, it can attack the chlorosulfite, displacing chloride ion and forming a charged intermediate. Now, if the leaving group departs, forming a carbocation, there’s no lone pair nearby on the same face that can attack.

In other words, by displacing chloride ion, pyridine shuts down the SNi mechanism.

5. Adding Pyridine To SOCl2 Shuts Down The SNi Mechanism

Even though the SNi can’t occur here, we still have a very good leaving group, and a decent nucleophile – chloride ion – and so chloride attacks the carbon from the backside, leading to inversion of configuration and formation of a C-Cl bond. This, of course, the SN2 reaction.

mechanism for inversion of configuration of chiral secondary alcohol with socl2 and pyridine where pyridine attacks thiosulfite and prevents internal return

6. Summary: SOCl2 And Alcohols, With Or Without Pyridine – SN2 Versus SNi

The bottom line is this:

SOCl2 plus alcohol gives retention of configuration, SOCl2 plus alcohol plus pyridine gives inversion of configuration (SN2)

bottom line for socl2 with chiral alcohols socl2 wtih no pyridine gives retention whereas with pyridine gives inversion

You might be asking, “how common is this SNi mechanism? Is it something which occurs in a large number of other reactions we commonly encounter in introductory organic chemistry?”

To be frank, not really. There are some cases where species called chloroformates can also undergo the SNi with loss of CO2 but this isn’t seen very often at all in your typical first year course.


Notes

This might not interest everybody so I’m putting it in a note.

How Do Most Textbooks And Schools Across North America Deal With This Mechanistic Dichotomy?

Conversion of alcohols to alkyl halides is a useful transformation because alcohols are poor leaving groups by themselves, whereas alkyl chlorides will readily participate in substitution and elimination reactions. In many introductory organic chemistry courses, SOCl2 has traditionally been used as an example of a reagent that will convert alcohols to alkyl chlorides.

When I consulted my textbook collection for how the mechanism is covered, here’s what I found:

  • Wade (5th ed. p 463) Shows conversion of secondary alcohol to secondary alkyl chloride via SNi (with dioxane solvent)
  • Solomons (8th ed p. 506-507) Shows conversion of primary alcohol to primary alkyl chloride via SN2. No mention of SNi or stereochemistry.
  • McMurry (6th ed p. 608) Shows conversion of primary alcohol to primary alkyl chloride (SN2) No stereochemistry shown.
  • Vollhardt (2nd ed p. 288) Shows mechanism (SN2) for primary alcohol; no discussion of SN2.
  • Jones (2nd ed p. 830) Shows SN2 of Cl on “R” ; no mention of stereochem
  • Clayden, Klein – no mention of SOCl2 as a reagent for converting alcohols to alkyl chlorides

Only one textbook (in this admittedly incomplete sample) mentions the SNi mechanism at all. In four textbooks where SOCl2 is mentioned, the reaction is shown as proceeding through an SN2 mechanism. There’s no warning sign saying, “wait! the SN2 doesn’t happen for secondary alcohols”. If it’s not in the textbook, chances are it won’t be in the course.  So it’s not surprising that the most common interpretation of this is that inversion will occur for secondary alcohols: 
This leads to situations like the following. Here is a part of an exam key from a very non-obscure R1 university:

example of secondary alcohol reaction with socl2 from unnamed university goes with inversion

This is a question that tests stereochemistry, and students are expected to write that the SOCl2 proceeds with inversion at a secondary carbon, proceeding through an SN2 mechanism.

There are exceptions. Another school *of similar reputation) tests this reaction as an SNi.

example of secondary alcohol with socl2 in abnsence of pyridine giving retention of configuration

In summary, across North America at least, the discussion of the stereochemistry of SOCl2 reactions with secondary alcohols is a huge mess. I don’t have any data to back this up, but in all my hours of tutoring I have encountered the SNi reaction of SOCl2 being taught… once.

So What’s An Instructor To Do?

First of all, a mea culpa. I drew the SOCl2 as proceeding through inversion and an SN2 process because I’ve aimed the Reagent Guide at the broadest sub-section of students, and it’s most often taught as giving inversion. I should have been more clear that it was more complicated and there was so much confusion on the topic – so I’m grateful to commenters like Rico and others who have brought this to my attention.

Organic chemistry is so wonderfully rich and deep. With the luxury of having already learned all this stuff, I can look back and find it fascinating that just by switching from a primary to a secondary carbon, or from switching to a SO2Cl leaving group, one can change the mechanism from SN2 to SNi. The leaving group can provide its own nucleophile! How cool!

If I was in an introductory class with a full course load and a lot of other lab courses however, my attitude might be different: more like, “Jeezus, YHGTBFKM, is this ever obscure.”

I’ve asked other instructors what they do when they encounter this topic. Here’s what one has to say:

At the second yr / intro level, we keep it very simple. We only talk about it being an SN2 and going with inversion and thus complementary to the HX reactions. We ignore solvent effects for the thionyl chloride reactions.

Here’s another:

I teach it as inversion. Oxygen attacks sulfur, kicks out chloride. Pyridine deprotonates oxygen. Chloride attacks carbon, C-O bond breaks to form 2nd pi bond of SO2, kicks out chloride. Inversion of stereochemistry as chloride attack is SN2-like.

It’s an instructors’ prerogative to pick their battles. I can completely understand how time and attention are limiting factors, and instructors inevitably have to make compromises about what gets included, what gets skipped, and how much detail they choose to include.  The fundamental lesson here – to pay attention to stereochemistry of chiral alcohols when converting to alkyl chlorides – is ultimately more important than whether the reaction goes SN2 or SNi in certain situations. However,  it would be really nice to see more consistency on this reaction from the textbook writers so that everyone is singing from the same hymnal.

This instructor said it best:

Some of my colleagues just use PCl5 and move on with their lives : – )


(Advanced) References and Further Reading

  1. Ueber die gegenseitige Umwandlung optischer Antipoden
    Walden
    Chem. Ber. 1896, 29 (1): 133–138
    DOI:
    10.1002/cber.18960290127
    Original publication on Walden inversion.It is interesting to trace the development of this reaction mechanism through the literature. Early papers were in disagreement regarding the mechanism reconciling the observations that inversion of configuration was observed with base (e.g. pyridine), and retention of configuration without base.
  2. Reaction kinetics and the Walden inversion. Part VI. Relation of steric orientation to mechanism in substitutions involving halogen atoms and simple or substituted hydroxyl groups
    W. A. Cowdrey, E. D. Hughes, C. K. Ingold, S. Masterman and A. D. Scott
    J. Chem. Soc. 1937, 1252-1271
    DOI: 10.1039/JR9370001252
    Prof. C. K. Ingold and Hughes developed the ‘SN/E’ nomenclature used to describe reaction mechanisms, now known as the Hughes-Ingold nomenclature. In part C of this paper, they do note the observation that SOCl2 alone reacts with secondary alcohols with retention of configuration, whereas SOCl2+pyridine goes through inversion. However, no mechanism is proposed as they try to fit these observations into their limiting paradigm of SN1 vs. SN2.
  3. The decomposition of chlorosulphinic esters
    Michael P. Balfe and Joseph Kenyon
    J. Chem. Soc. 1940, 463-464
    DOI: 10.1039/JR9400000463
    This early paper also features an attempt to rationalize the observed stereochemistries. Retention of configuration is due to “a molecular rearrangement the steric course of which is controlled by the dimensions of the chlorosulphinate molecule”, while inversion is caused by pyridine binding to sulfur. The yield of inverted product can be increased by using an excess of pyridine.
  4. A Study of the Reaction of Alcohols with Thionyl Chloride
    William E. Bissinger and Frederick E. Kung
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 1947, 69 (9), 2158-2163
    DOI: 10.1021/ja01201a030
    A nice study on the reaction of alcohols with SOCl2, useful if one is looking for a place to start optimization of this reaction (with regards to stoichiometry).
  5. The Kinetics and Stereochemistry of the Decomposition of Secondary Alkyl Chlorosulfites
    Edward S. Lewis and Charles E. Boozer
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 1952, 74 (2), 308-311
    DOI: 10.1021/ja01122a005
  6. The Decomposition of Secondary Alkyl Chlorosulfites. II. Solvent Effects and Mechanisms
    E. Boozer and E. S. Lewis
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 1953, 75 (13), 3182-3186
    DOI: 10.1021/ja01109a042
    Ref. 4 describes mechanisms for the decomposition of secondary alkyl chlorosulfites. Apparently different mechanisms are in effect when these are decomposed in dioxane or toluene. In dioxane, retention of configuration is observed, while in toluene inverted chlorides are obtained. This is ascribed to the ability of dioxane to coordinate to the carbon and assist with C-S bond cleavage.
  7. Studies in Stereochemistry. XVI. Ionic Intermediates in the Decomposition of Certain Alkyl Chlorosulfites
    Donald J. Cram
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 1953, 75 (2), 332-338
    DOI: 10.1021/ja01098a024
    An early paper by Prof. D. J. Cram (UCLA), who was a contemporary of Prof. Saul Winstein (who came up with the concepts of ‘internal return’ and ‘intimate ion pair’ used to describe this SNi mechanism). Prof. Cram would later on receive the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1987 for his work on molecular host-guest chemistry. This is the paper rationalizing the differing stereochemistries of the reaction of alcohols with SOCl2 in the presence/absence of base (e.g. pyridine) and is the first paper in the literature describing the reaction of alcohols + SOCl2 as an SNi process.
  8. The textbook March’s Advanced Organic Chemistry (7th) mentions:
    […] the reaction of alcohols with thionyl chloride to give alkyl halides usually proceeds in this way, with the first step in this case being ROH + SOCl2 à ROSOCl (these alkyl chlorosulfites can be isolated).
    Evidence for this mechanism is as follows: The addition of pyridine to the mixture of alcohol and thionyl chloride results in the formation of alkyl halide with
    inverted configuration. Inversion results because the pyridine reacts with ROSOCl to give ROSONC5H5 before anything further can take place. The Cl freed in this process now attacks from the rear. The reaction between alcohols and thionyl chloride is second order, which is predicted by this mechanism, but the decomposition by simple heating of ROSOCl is first order”.
    Unfortunately, no references are provided.Prof. Jih Ru Hwu (now in Taiwan) attempted to popularize reagents that would react via internal return (such as SOCl2) as ‘ Counterattack Reagents’ early in his career:
  9. Counterattack reagents in organic reactions and in syntheses
    Jih Ru Hwu, Bryant A. Gilbert
    Tetrahedron 1989, 45 (5), 1233-1261
    DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(89)80123-1
  10. Silicon reagents in chemical transformations: the concept of ‘counterattack reagent’
    R. Hwu, S.-C. Tsay, K. Y. King and D.-N. Horng
    Pure Appl. Chem. 1999, 71 (3), 445-451
    DOI:
    10.1351/pac199971030445

Comments

Comment section

44 thoughts on “SOCl2 Mechanism For Alcohols To Alkyl Halides: SN2 versus SNi

  1. I really loved the way you dealt with the comment that was probably too harsh on you. If it was any ordinary person they wouldn’t have taken it well at all. And I have learnt so much from your articles that now this is my go-to site for organic. Kudos!!!

  2. Thanks a lot for detailed explanation . Also would like to say that I have read A topic onSNi reaction which is given in the reference book “Organic reactions: structure, mechanism” by Reinhard Bruckner.
    It gives good insight how solvent Pyridine changes SNi route SN2 and why in solvent ether reaction of alcohol with thionyl chloride goes by SNi way.

  3. I would be curious to hear your thoughts on the mechanism for converting a carboxylic acid to an acid chloride using SOCl2. I have seen mechanisms where it goes through a 6 membered TS for the first step and the second step while other mechanisms are more stepwise and use the chloride ion to attack.

  4. If you’d like to see advanced problems on similarly (and this) subtle concepts, you should definitely check out the IIT-JEE exam problems.

  5. Thank you so much for this explanation/follow up! I read both articles for an extra credit assignment and it helped clear things up a ton! You’re the best!

  6. Hi James.
    I’m a Chemistry teacher and we recently had a question in a paper in our institute.
    The question used an epoxide and reacted with PCl5 to give a dichloro product. Now the doubt that arose amongst us is whether the 2nd Cl atom will add via SNi or SN2.
    I have not been able to find any source online which has an example of an epoxide reacting with PCl5.

  7. @Hi everyone..
    1. I think The SNi only goes well for primary, secondary alcohols with SOCl2, tertiary alcohols will undergo elimination, along with substitution. Any comments on this…
    2. I suppose the kinetics of reaction to be first order, the formation of intimate pair from chlorosulphite is RDS. Any comments…

  8. In the problem with malic acid why does the alcohol group react and not the carboxylic acid? It’s more reactive I thought.

  9. Hi there,
    Great explanations! In your mecanism “Why does SOCl2 give retention” you noted that chlorosulfite can be isolated. How is this possible? Do you have any supporting litterature on the subject?

  10. Is this only in case of secondary alcohols?
    And is this SNi only for SOCl2 and not others from its family(PBr3, PCl5 etc)
    Why????

    1. Only for SOCl2 and not PBr3, PCl5. The mechanism is largely for secondary alcohols. It’s not impossible for it to operate with primary alcohols, but you would be unlikely to be able to tell given that there is no stereocenter possible.

  11. One of my o chem students brought me to this post today. Nice exposition. I’m one of those guilty instructors, both in terms of what I teach and how it shows up on exams.

    Here’s a pet peeve: the Lewis structures in this post. The structures never show the lone pair on S so it often appears that S should be charged. Of course, getting all the S chemistry and structural info right is just an added hassle when teaching this material (and I don’t think PCl5 solves this problem either) so maybe we are obliged to simplify? Or as you put it so nicely, we have to pick our battles. Still, there should be some way to inform students that the story we are telling is incomplete, no?

  12. There is another thing here: you (and many others, me too in the past) formulate the initial SN reaction at sulfur (not carbon!) as proceeding via addition/elimination. That is of course an analogy to the reaction of carbonyl compounds. It is probably more realistic to formulate it as a concerted substitution at sulfur. That is because the S=O “double bond” is not really a double bond, but a polarized single bond, thus it may not actually like to react by addition/elimination mechanisms.
    See for the similar case of the first step in acid chloride formation from SOCl2, which Henry Rzepa calculated: http://www.ch.imperial.ac.uk/rzepa/blog/?p=6816

    As concerns the main question of SN2 vs SNi (with retention) in SOCl2 initiated alcohol chlorinations:
    • my experience tells me that generalizations made in textbooks often rely on very few actual examples in the literature, which are introduced at some point and then copied by other authors. Many of the examples are from the older (pre-NMR, HPLC) literature and might not always survive a more accurate reinvestigation with modern analytical techniques.
    • the example you give for SNi (malic acid) is maybe not good, because they might show neighboring group effects with double SN2; better examples for SNi are chiral alcohols with no neighboring groups in the molecule.
    • The malic acid examples are (with other reaction conditions: PCl5) classical examples for Waldens inversion, but again such old chemistry is often less well understood than textbooks might imply. See for a recent discussion of the Walden examples: http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2006/CC/b517461a
    • Personally, I have started checking the original literature to most of the reaction examples I teach in my lecture. Also, I hardly use any hypothetical problems any longer in tests, but I search actually performed examples via Reaxys.

  13. First, I have to say that Rico was wrong by saying that Alcohols and SOCl2 ALWAYS react with retention of configuration.

    Sometimes, you can get retention of configuration and sometimes inversion of configuration. The key thing to remember is the solvent use in the reaction.

    If you want a better understanding of what is going on you must consult the primary litterature on the topic. I suggest for all of you reading these books and articles :

    Carey and Sundberg Part A Advanced organic chemistry
    J. Org. Chem., 2013, 78 (5), pp 2118–2127
    J. Org. Chem., 1993, 58, pp 2822
    and references therein

  14. Why is it necessary for pyridine to act as a nucleophile? Being the stronger base, wouldn’t it just deprotonate the protonated chlorosulfite leaving the chloride free for an SN2 reaction. There seem to be many reasonable variations here. For me with respect to inversion, the simpler the better. Where is the literature on this that will clean up the inversion mechanism?

    1. Yes, other bases may be used. The advantage of pyridine in this case is that it is fairly weak (pka of conjugate acid is 4) and generally won’t lead to competing E2 reactions of the resulting alkyl halides. Tertiary amines are stronger bases, with a pKa (of the conjugate acid) of about 10 or so, so elimination starts to become more of a problem.

  15. @Arkya, I suppose that the secondary alcohol is just to prevent the migration of an alkyl group (as the case may be) to form a more stable carbocation. Frankly speaking, I do not see why this shouldn’t take place in a primary alcohol as well.
    Could someone please verify?

    1. I don’t think you’d need to worry about this with primary alcohols since the active site wouldn’t be a stereocenter (hence no stereochemistry to invert or retain).

      With tertiary alcohols, the carbocation formed is much more stable so you’re more likely to get a racemic mixture.

      1. With tertiary alcohols, the carbocation formed is much more stable. But there are many alkyl groups around carbocation, anion can not attack it because of steric effect i think. So the anion will attack β H, product would be alkene i think.

        In SNi mechanism, when carbocation is formed, does carbocation rearrangement occur like common SN1 mechanism?

  16. With reference to the reaction of SOCl2 with secondary alcohol in presence of pyridine, pyridine acts as a base and it removes the proton from HCl, resulting in formation of free Cl- ion, and Cl-, being an effective nucleophile, attacks Chlorosulphite from the back in normal SN2 fashion.

  17. If there are two SN2 reactions then we would expect complete retention of stereochemistry. In the SNi process we are going through an intimate ion pair – there is a carbocation, so we should see some leakage of the optical purity through a pure SN1 type pathway. If we started with an optically pure chlorosulfite I would expect that the optical purity would decrease with increasing reaction temperature or increasing solvent polarity as both of these factors should disrupt the intimate ion pair.

    Also I don’t believe that pyridine would be selective for an aliphatic secondary carbon over the electrophilic sulfur, but one could alternatively measure the reaction rate with respect to pyridine concentration. If it’s straight SN2, you’d expect a linear increase in rate with increasing pyridine conc, whereas if it’s the proposed SNi, you’d see a plateau in reaction rate with increased pyridine conc since the slow step will likely be ionization, not attack at sulfur.

  18. I was taught that in this context retention of configuration is due to the fact that two net inversions occur. The first inversion takes place when the amine (or pyridine in this case) performs an Sn2 displacement on the chlorosulfite. This would generate SO2, the chloride ion, and the activated pyridinium moiety. The second inversion occurs when the chloride ion displaces the pyridine group, resulting in an overall retention of stereochemistry. Would there be an easy way to test the mechanism you propose?

  19. Thanks for this, James. I’d say you threw the book on his slapdown! This is clearly a complicated issue.

    Now, hindsight is 20/20, but I suppose it makes pretty good sense that chloride, a weak nucleophile, doesn’t displace chlorosulfite in an SN2 fashion.

    1. Could you invoke the thermodynamic stability and entropic favorability of forming SO2 gas as a factor in why chloride might displace chlorosulfite in SN2?

    2. I probably shouldn’t have written “slap down”, I am glad he brought this subject up.

      PCl5 is sufficient to result in inversion of alcohols via an SN2 process with chloride as nucleophile so even with hindsight I think it’s hard to see.

    3. In the latest versions of Solomons he says the reaction is done with Pyridine or other amine base. Also there is one sentence in parentheses where he states the reaction occurs with retention if pyridine is absent.

      I teach it with inversion because I have rarely heard of anyone treating an alcohol with thionyl chloride without using some amine.

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